Present Perfect dan Past Perfect

Present Perfect dan Past Perfect

BENTUK-BENTUK PRESENT PERFECT

STATEMENT : HAVE / HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE (a)     I have finished my work. (b)     The students have finished Chapter 5. (c)     Jim has eaten lunch (d)     I’ve/You’ve/We’ve/ They’ve eaten lunch (e)     She’s/He’s eaten lunch	The basic form of the present perfect : have or has + the past participle .Use have with I, you, we, they, or a plural noun (e.g, students). Use has with he , she, it , or a singular noun (e.g, jim ). With pronouns , have is contracted to apostrophe + ve (‘ve) and has to apostrophe + s (‘s)
NEGATIVE : HAVE / HAS + NOT + PAST PARTICIPLE (f)       I have not (haven’t) finished my work (g)     Ann has not (hasn’t) eaten lunch	Have + not =haven’t Has + not=hasn’t
QUESTION : HAVE / HAS + SUBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE (h)     Have you finished your work ? (i)       Has Jim eaten lunch?	In a question , the helping verb (have or has) precedes the subject.
(j)       A: Have you seen that movie? B : Yes, I have. OR , No, I haven’t	The helping verb (have or has) is used in a short answer to a yes /no question . The helping verb in the short answer is not contracted with the pronoun.

MENGGUNAKAN SIMPLE PAST VS. PRESENT PERFECT

SIMPLE PAST (a)     I finished my work two hours ago. PRESENT PERFECT (b)     I have already finished my work SIMPLE PAST : (c)     I was in Europe last year / three years ago/ in 1989/in 1985 and 1989/when I was ten years old. PRESENT PERFECT (d)     I have been in Europe many times/several times / a couple of times /once/ (no mention of time?

In (a) : I finished my work at specific time in the past ( two hours ago) In (b) : I finished my work at an unspecified time in the past (sometime before now). The simple past expresses an activity that occurred at a specific time (or times) in the past , as in (a) and (c). The present perfect expresses an activity that occurred at an unspecified time (or times) in the and  past , as in (b) and (d)