MODAL AUXILIARIES
(Verba Bantu Modal)
5-1 BENTUK-BENTUK MODAL AUXILIARIES
The verbs in the list below are called modal auxiliaries. They are helping verbs that expressa wide range of meanings (ability, permission, possibility, necessity, etc). Most of the modals have more than one meaning.
AUXILIARY + THE SIMPLE FORM OF A VERB
Can (a) I can speak English.
Could (b) He couldn’t come to class.
May (c) It may rain tomorrow.
Might (d) It might rain tomorrow.
Should (e) Mary should study harder.
Had better (f) I had better study tonight.
Must (g) Joe must see a doctor today
Will (h) I will be in class tomorrow.
Would (i) Would you please close the door?
Can, could, may, might, should, had better, must, will, and would are followed by the simple form of a verb.
They are not followed by to :
CORRECT : I can speak English.
INCORRECT: I can to speak English .
The main verb never has a final –s
CORRECT: Olga can speak English
INCORRECT: Olga can speaks English.
AUXILIARY + TO + THE SIMPLE FORM OF A VERB
Have to (j) I have to study tonight.
Have got to (k) I have got to study tonight.
Ought to (l) Kate ought to study harder.
Have, have got to, and ought to are followed by an infinitive(to + the simple form of a verb).
5-2 MENGEKSPRESIKAN KEMAMPUAN : CAN DAN COULD
| (a) Bob can play the piano* (b) You can buy a screwdriver at a hardware sore. | Can expresses ability in the present or future. |
| (c) I can’t understand that sentence. I cannot understand that sentence. I can not understand that sentence. | The negative form of can may be written : can’t, cannot, or can not. |
| (d) Our son could talk when he was two years old. | The past form of can is could. |
| (e) They couldn’t come to class yesterday. They could not come to class yesterday. | The negative of could : couldn’t or could not |
*Notice CORRECT : Bob can play the piano.
INCORRECT : Bob can to play the piano.
INCORRECT : Bob can plays the piano.
LATIHAN : Lengkapilah kalimat dengan can dan can’t.
1. A cat can climb trees, but it can’t fly.
2. A fish can’t walk, but it can swim.
3. A dog can bark, but it can’t sing.
4. You can buy stamps at the post office, but you can’t buy shoes there.
5. Fish can’t live in air, but they can live in water.
5-3 MENGEKSPRESIKAN KEMUNGKINAN : MAY DAN MIGHT
MENGEKSPRESIKAN IZIN : MAY DAN CAN
| (a) It may rain tomorrow. (b) It might rain tomorrow. (c) A: Why isn’t John in class? B: I don’t know. He may be sick today. He might be sick today. | May and might express possibilityin the present or future. They have the same meaning. There is no difference in meaning between (a) and (b). |
| (d) It may not rain tomorrow. (e) It might not rain tomorrow. | Negative : may not and might not. (Do not contract may and might with not). |
| (f) Maybe it will rain tomorrow. (g) Maybe john is sick. (h) John may be sick. | Maybe (spelled as one word) is an adverb meaning “perhaps”. Notice (f) and (g). May be (spelled as two words) is a verb form , as in (h): the auxiliary may + the main verb be. |
| (i) Yes, children, you may have a cookie after dinner. (j) Okay, kids, you can have a cookie after dinner. | May is also used to give permission. Often can is used to give permission , too. (i) and (j) have the same meaning, but may is more formal than can. |
| (k) You may not have a cookie. You can’t have a cookie. | May not and cannot (can’t) are used to deny permission(i.e., to say “no”). |
5-4 MENGGUNAKAN COULD UNTUK MENGEKSPRESIKAN KEMUNGKINAN
| (a) A: Why isn’t Greg in class? B: I don’t know. He could be sick. (b) Look at those dark clouds. It could start raining any minute. | Could can mean past ability ( see chart 5-2). But that is not its only meaning. Another meaning of could is possibility. In (a) : “ He could be sick “ has the same meaning as “ He may/might be sick “, i.e.,” It is possible that he is sick”. In (a), could expresses a present possibility. In(b), could expresses a future possibility. |
5-5 MEMINTA IZIN : MAY I, COULD I, CAN I
POLITE QUESTION
(a) May I please borrow you pen?
(b) Could I please borrow your pen ?
(c) Can I please borrow your pen?
POSSIBLE ANSWER
Yes.
Yes. Of course.
Yes. Certainly.
Sure (informal)
Okay (informal)
People use may I, could I, * and can I to ask polite questions. The questions ask for someone’s permission.
(a),(b), and (c) have basically the same meaning. Note : can I is less formal than may I and could I.
5-6 MENGEKSPRESIKAN NASIHAT : SHOULD , OUGHT TO , HAD BETTER
| (a) My clothes are dirty. I should wash them. I ought to wash them. | Should , ought to, and had better have basically the same meaning. They mean :” This is good idea. This is good advice.” |
| (b) You need your sleep. You shouldn’t stay up late. | Negative : should + not = shouldn’t. * |
| (c) I’d better study tonight. You’d better study tonight. He’d better study tonight. She’d better study tonight. We’d better study tonight. They’d better study tonight. | Contrction of had =’d Note : usually had is the past form of have . however , in the expression had better, had is used as part of an idiom and the meaning is not past. The meaning is present or future. |
*Ought to is usually not used in the negative.
The negative of had better is had better not , and it often carries a warning of bad consequences. You had better not be late !
5-7 MENGEKSPRESIKAN KEHARUSAN : HAVE TO , HAVE GOT TO, MUST
| (a) I have a very important test tomorrow. I have to study tonight. I have got to study tonight. I must study tonight. | Have to, hve got to, and must have basically the same meaning. They express the idea that something is necessary. Have to is used much more frequently than must in everyday speech and writing.* Have got to is generally used only in informal speech and writing. |
| (b) I have to (“hafta”) go downtown today. (c) Rina has to (“hasta”) go to the bank. (d) I’ve got to (“gotta”) study tonight. | Usual pronounciation: Have to =”hafta” Has to =”hasta” (have) got to =”gotta” |
| (e) I had to study last night. | The past form have to, have got to, and must (meaning necessity) is had to. |
*Must means that something is very necessary : there is no other choise. Must is used much less frequentlythen have to in everyday speech and writing. Must is a “strong” word.
LATIHAN : lengkapi kalimat . Gunakan have to, has to atau had to
1. I went downtown yesterday because I had to go to City Hall.
2. I can’t go to the movie tonight because I have to study.
3. Josh can’t go downtown with us this afternoon because He has to go to the bookstore.
5-8 MENGEKSPRESIKAN TIDAK ADANYA KEHARUSAN : DO NOT HAVE TO
MENGEKSPRESIKAN LARANGAN : MUST NOT
| (a) I finished all of my homework this afternoon. I don’t have to study tonight. (b) Tomorrow is a holiday . Mary doesn’t have to go to class. | Don’t /doesn’t have to expresses the idea that something is not necessary. |
| (c) Children , you must not play with matches ! (d) We must not use that door . The sign says : PRIVATE : DO NOT ENTER | Must not expresses prohibition . (DO NOT DO THIS !) |
| (e) You mustn’t play with matches. | Must + not =musnt’t. (Note : the first “t” is not pronounced.) |
5-9 MEMBERIKAN INSTRUKSI : KALIMAT IMPERATIF
| COMMAND (a) General : Open the door ! Soldier : Yes, sir ! REQUEST (b) Teacher : Open the door, please. Student : Okay I’d be happy to. DIRECTIONS (c) Barbara : Could you tell me how to get to the post office? Stranger : Certainly. Walk two blocks down this street . Turn left and walk there more blocks . It’s on the right hand side of the street. (d) Close the window (e) Please sit down (f) Be quiet ! (g) Don’t walk on the grass (h) Please don’t wait for me (i) Don’t be late | Imperative sentences are used to give commands, make polite requests , and give directions. The difference between a command and a request lies in the speaker’s tone of voice and the use of please. Please can come at the beginning or end of a request: Open the door,please. Please poen the door. The simple form of a verb is used in imperative sentences. The understood subject of the sentence is you (meaning the person the speaker is talking to ) : (you) close the window. Negative form : Don’t + the simple form of a verb. |
5-10 MEMBERIKAN SARAN : LET’S DAN WHY DON’T
| (a) A: It’s hot today . Let’s go to the beach . B: Okay. Good idea. (b) A :It’s hot today . Why don’t we go to the beach? B: Okay . Good idea | Let’s (do something) and why don’t we (do something) have the same meaning. They are used to make suggestions about activites for you and me. Let’s = let us |
| (c) A: I’m tired B: Why don’t you take a nap? A: That’s a good idea. I think I will | People use why don’t you (do something) to make a to friendly suggestion , to give friendly advice |
5-11 MENYATAKAN PREFERENSI : PREFER, LIKE…..
BETTER , WOULD RATHER
| (a) I prefer apples to oranges (b) I prefer watching TV to studying | Prefer + NOUN + to + NOUN Prefer + -ING VERB + to + -ING VERB |
| (c) I like apples better than oranges (d) I like watching TV better than studying | Like + NOUN + better than + NOUN Like + - ING VERB + better than + -ING VERB |
| (e) Ann would rather have an apple than (have) an orange (f) I’d rather visit a big city than live there | In (e) and (f) : would rather and than are followed immediately by the simple form of a verb (e.g have, visit ,live) * |
| (g) I’d / You’d / She’d / He’d / We’d / They’d rather have an apple | Contraction of would = ‘d |
| (h) Would you rather have an apple or an orange? | In (h) : In a polite question , would rather can be followed by or to offer someone a choice. |
INCORRECT: I’d rather visit a big city than to live there
INCORRECT: I’d rather visit a big city than living there.
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