MENGGUNAKAN SINCE DAN FOR
| SINCE (a) I have been here since eight o’clock. I have been here since Tuesday. (b) INCORRECT : I am living here since May. (c) INCORRECT : I live here since May. (d) INCORRECT : I lived here since May (e) CORRECT : I have lived here since May CORRECT : I have been here since May MAIN CLAUSE (present perfect) (f) I have lived here (g) Al has met many people SINCE CLAUSE (simple past) Since I was a child Since he came here | Since is followed by the mention of a specific point in time : an hour , a day , a month, a year, etc. Since expresses the idea that an activity began at a specific time in the past and continues to the present. The present perfect also expresses the idea that an activity began in the past and continues to the present. The present perfect is used in sentence with since. In (b) : The present progressive is NOT used In (c) :The simple present is NOT used In (d) : The simple past is NOT used. Since may also introduce a time clause (i.e., a subject and verb may follow since) Notice in the example : the present perfect is used in the main clause the simple past is used in the “since clause” |
| FOR (h) I have been here for ten minutes. I have been here for two hours. I have been here for a long time. (i) I have lived here for two years . I moved here two years ago, and I still live here. | For is followed by the mention of a length of time : two minutes , three hours, four days, five weeks, etc. Note : If the noun ends in –s (hours , days weeks , etc.) use for in the time expression, not since. In (i) : The use of the present perfect in a sentence with for + a length of time means that action began in the past and continues to the present. |
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
| (a) I have been studying English at this school sine May. (b) Adam has been sleeping for two hours. | Form of the present perfect progressive : Have/has + been +ing The present perfect progressive expresses how long an activity has been in progress. |
| (c) How long have you been studying English here? (d) How long has Adam been sleeping? | Question form : Have / has + subject + been + -ing |
| COMPARE (e) and (f). PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: (e) I am sitting in class right now. | The present progressive expresses an activity that is in progress (is happening) right now. |
| (f) I have been sitting in class since 9 o’clock | The present perfect progressive expresses present perfec the duration (the length of time) an activity is in progress. Time expressions with since and for are used with the present perfect progressive. |
IRREGULAR VERBS
| SIMPLE FORM | SIMPLE PAST | PAST PARTICIPLE |
| arise | arose | arisen |
| be | was, were | been |
| become | became | become |
| begin | began | begun |
| bend | bent | bent |
| bite | bit | bitten |
| blow | blew | blown |
| break | broke | broken |
| bring | brought | brought |
| broadcast | broadcast | broadcast |
| Built | built | built |
| buy | bought | bought |
| catch | caught | caught |
| choose | chose | chosen |
| come | came | come |
| cost | cost | cost |
| cut | cut | cut |
| dig | dug | dug |
| do | did | done |
| draw | drew | drawn |
| drink | drank | drunk |
| drive | drove | driven |
| eat | ate | eaten |
| fall | fell | fallen |
| feed | fed | fed |
| feel | felt | felt |
| fight | fought | fought |
| find | found | found |
| fit | fit | fit |
| fly | flew | flown |
| forget | forgot | forgotten |
| forgive | forgave | forgiven |
| freeze | froze | frozen |
| get | got | gotten (got) |
| give | gave | given |
| go | went | gone |
| grow | grew | grown |
| hang | hung | hung |
| have | had | had |
| hear | heard | heard |
| hide | hid | hidden |
| hit | hit | hit |
| hold | held | held |
| hurt | hurt | hurt |
| keep | kept | kept |
| know | knew | known |
| lay | laid | laid |
| lead | led | led |
| leave | left | Left |
