About Language, Dialects, and Varieties

Knowledge of Language

When two or more people communicate with each other in speech, we can call the system of communication that they employ a code. In most cases that code will be something we may also want to call a language. The last principle accounts for what Labov has called the ‘observer’s paradox.’ He points out (1972b, pp. 209–10) that the aim of linguistic research is to find out how people talk when they are not being systematically observed, but the data are available only through systematic observation. Sociolinguistics brings together linguists and sociologists to investigate matters of joint concern but they are not the only researchers involved in studies of language in society.

  

Languages, Dialects, and Varieties 25

A language is what the members of a particular society speak.

A dialect is a subordinate variety of a language, Haugen (1966a) has pointed out that language and dialect are ambiguous terms. Ordinary people use these terms quite freely in speech; for them a dialect is almost certainly no more than a local non-prestigious (therefore powerless) variety of a real language.

Register is another complicating factor in any study of language varieties. Registers are sets of language items associated with discrete occupational or social groups. Surgeons, airline pilots, bank managers, sales clerks, jazz fans, and pimps employ different registers.

ABSTRACT

Evi Nur Padillah, Analysis on Figurative Speech in the Novel entitled Rembulan Tenggelam Di Wajahmu by Tere-Liye. Research Report. English Department. Faculty of Letters. Gunadarma University. Depok. 2014.

ABSTRACT

Novel is one type of literary work. Novel as a fiction offers an imaginative world that is not much different with the reality. In process of writing, the writers used figurative speech to convey the ideas. Because the use of appropriate figurative speech will give the effect of beauty in the novel for the writers expressing thoughts or feelings in written. This scientific research describes the kinds of figurative speech are often used in one of novel by Tere-Liye. In this scientific research, the writer uses a qualitative method. After analyzing the novel, the writer found some figure of speech which use, they are simile, hyperbole and personification. In this novel of which entitled Rembulan Tenggelam Di Wajahmu by Tere-Liye, the writer found that simile which was found in the novel with presentages of 85%, hyperbole 11% and personification 4%. Figure of speech which oftenly used in the novel was simile. As the conclusion the writer can recognize that simile is comparison between two things conveyed obviously by the words: as, like, such as, etc. Hyperbole is kind of figurative speech of which has an overstatement. And personification as figure of speech which gives human attributes to nonhuman to provoke the sense of readers in literary work. 

Key words: figurative speech, novel

Stanza function

1) Unit Idea

      Stanza in poetry have function like paragraph in phrase as a unit idea.in poetries,like in sonnet and ode ,to function stanza have quality prescriptive.

 2) Creation of meaning

    First ,stanza can be created of pause in reading rhyme .Pause between others function for give a press that its turning will be influence tone and base tone influence meaning.

STANZA

ØThe form of stanza  : couplet,triplet,quatrain,quintel,sestet,septet,octave,nine,line stanza

ØPattern of stanza

a.Couplet : is stanza that consisting  of two lines with  the rhyme a-a

    couplet consist of : closed couplet and open couplet

b.Triplet     : is stanza that consist of three lines in poetry which bigger and usually has rhyme of a-a-a.

    Ex poetry of triplet :( The eagle ,by Tennyson)

ØTriplet   :also mention as tercet (Leahly,1963:23)

—Another kind of tercet :Terza rima

—Terza rima   : The form of stanza which uses to expand rhyme flowing continusly

Quatrain : stanza that consist of four lines

—The variety of rima quatrain : the first ,rhyme of balada quatrain,that is a-b-c-d.

The variety of rima quatrain :the second,quatrain with rhyme of a-b-a-b

—Heroic or elegiac :all of lines in stanza are  written in the from of lambic pentameter.

—Elegiac   : the stanza which uses by Thomas Gray in his poetry “Elegy Written in a country chooch –yard .with rhyme of a-b –a-b

The example of heroic quatrain :John Dryden “Annus Mirabella”

The variety of quatrain rhyme :the third,with rhyme of a-b-b-a

The example for the third quatrain :Tennyson “in memoriam “

D.Quintet :stanza that consist of five lines with variety  of schame

The  example of poetry for quintet :anthony Euwer

—One of poetry with stanza that consist of five meter anapest :limerick

—The example of limerick :”A fellow named Hall”by Anony mous

E sestet :stanza that consist of six lines

—The example of sestet an outside of sonnet :With Davies

—Sestet divided :into two tercet

F .Septet :stanza that consist of seven lines

—The example of  septet   : in poetry of Gibon

Septet rhyme a-b-a-b-b-c-c,with 5 press on lines,called rhyme royal

The name of flowers in english

Nama              : Evi Nur Padillah

Kelas                : 4SA01

Npm                : 18611504

LESSON PLAN

1.      Topic                           : The flowers

2.      Sub-topic                     : The name of flowers in english

3.      Target students           : The first grade of the elementary school in the first semester

4.      The method applied    : The grammar – translation method

5.      Teaching – learning activities

No	Teacher’s activities	Students activity
1.	The teacher greets to students by saying “Good morning class?”	The students answer the teacher’s greeting by saying “Good morning Miss”.
2.	The teacher asks to the students about their condition by saying “How are you today?”.	The students will answer the teacher’s question with variant answer. For example “I’m good, I’m fine, etc”.
3.	Introducing her self in front of the class for a moment. After that she will ask the students to make sure all the students understand and get the information.	The students will listen carefully and some of them will do same thing like the students introducing their self in front of the class.
4.	Before the teacher explains about material for today. The first she will ask “who likes flowers?”.	The students will answer in many variant.
5.	The teacher explains “the name of flowers  English” and mention one by one until finish.	The students follow the teacher’s say and practice.
6.	The teacher gives a moment for students to memorise them.	The students try to memorise what they have been written about “ the name of flowers in English”.
7.	The teacher asks and chooses the students with random to stand up and mention “the name of flowers  in english”.	The choosen student stand up and mention it.
8.	If all students have finished to mention that name of numbers in English , the teacher would say thank to students and giving applause.	The students are so happy and giving applause too.
9.	The teacher reviews the material for last secion and asks to students to follow her.	The students mention and follow what the teacher’s say.
10.	The teacher gives the exam	The students answer it
11.	Collecting the result of what the students do	Collecting the answer sheet
12.	The teacher says “thanks for today, and thats enough, see you next week?”.	The students say “ okay miss, see you”.