evinurpadillah

Present Perfect dan Past Perfect

BENTUK-BENTUK PRESENT PERFECT

STATEMENT : HAVE / HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE (a) I have finished my work. (b) The students have finished Chapter 5. (c) Jim has eaten lunch (d) I’ve/You’ve/We’ve/ They’ve eaten lunch (e) She’s/He’s eaten lunch	The basic form of the present perfect : have or has + the past participle .Use have with I, you, we, they, or a plural noun (e.g, students). Use has with he , she, it , or a singular noun (e.g, jim ). With pronouns , have is contracted to apostrophe + ve (‘ve) and has to apostrophe + s (‘s)
NEGATIVE : HAVE / HAS + NOT + PAST PARTICIPLE (f) I have not (haven’t) finished my work (g) Ann has not (hasn’t) eaten lunch	Have + not =haven’t Has + not=hasn’t
QUESTION : HAVE / HAS + SUBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE (h) Have you finished your work ? (i) Has Jim eaten lunch?	In a question , the helping verb (have or has) precedes the subject.
(j) A: Have you seen that movie? B : Yes, I have. OR , No, I haven’t	The helping verb (have or has) is used in a short answer to a yes /no question . The helping verb in the short answer is not contracted with the pronoun.

MENGGUNAKAN SIMPLE PAST VS. PRESENT PERFECT

SIMPLE PAST

(a) I finished my work two hours ago.

PRESENT PERFECT

(b) I have already finished my work

SIMPLE PAST :

PRESENT PERFECT

(d) I have been in Europe many times/several times / a couple of times /once/ (no mention of time?

In (a) : I finished my work at specific time in the past ( two hours ago)

In (b) : I finished my work at an unspecified time in the past (sometime before now).

The simple past expresses an activity that occurred at a specific time (or times) in the past , as in (a) and (c).

The present perfect expresses an activity that occurred at an unspecified time (or times) in the and past , as in (b) and (d)

PERTANYAAN YES/NO DAN JAWABAN SINGKAT

YES/NO QUESTIONS	SHORT ANSWER (+ LONG ANSWER)
(a) Do you know Jim Smith?	Yes , I do. ( I know Jim Simth) No , I don’t. ( I don’t know Jim Smith)
(b) Did it rain last night ?	Yes , it did. ( it rained last night) No , it didn’t ( it didn’t rain last night)
(c) Are you studying English?	Yes , I am . * (I’m studying English) No , I’m not (I’m not studying English)
(d) Was Ann in class?	Yes , she was. ( Ann was in class) No , she was not ( Ann wasn’t in class)
(e) Will Bob be here soon?	Yes , he will * ( Bob will be here soon) No , he won’t ( Bob won’t be here soon)
(f) Can you swim ?	Yes , I can ( I can swim) No , I can’t (I can’t swim)

*NOTE : In an affirmative answer (yes), a helping verb is not contracted with the subject.

In (c): CORRECT: Yes, I am ( The spoken emphasis is on am)

INCORRECT: Yes, I am

In (e) CORRECT: Yes, he will (The spoken emphasis is on will)

INCORRECT: Yes, he’ll

MENGGUNAKAN WHO, WHO(M) , DAN WHAT

QUESTION (a) Who came? (b) Who(m) did you see? ANSWER (a) Someone came (b) I saw someone	In (a) : Who is used as subject (s) of a question . In (b) : Whom is used in formal English . In everyday spoken English, who is usually used instead of whom: FORMAL : Whom did you see? INFORMAL : Who did you see?
QUESTION (c) What happened? (d) What did you see? ANSWER (c) Something happened (d) I saw something	What can be used as either the subject or the object in a question . Notice in (a) and (c) : When who or what is used as the subject or a question , usual question word order is not used : no form of do is used. CORRECT : Who come? INCORRECT : Who did come?

MENGGUNAKAN WHICH

(a) Tom : May I borrow a pen from you? Ann : Sure. I have two pens. This pen has black ink. That pen has red ink. Which (pen/one) do you want? (b) Which pen do you want ? (c) Which one do you want ? (d) Which do you want?	In (a) : Ann uses which (not what ) because she wants Tom to choose. Which is used when the speaker wants someone to make a choice , when the speaker is offering alternatives : this one or that one : these or those (b), (c), and (d) have the same meaning.
(e) Sue : I like the earrings , and I like those earrings. Bob : Which (earrings/ones) are you going to buy? Sue : I think I’ll get these (f) Which earrings are you going to buy? (g) Which ones are you going to buy? (h) Which are you going to buy?	W hich can be used with either singular or plural nouns. (f), (g) , and (h) have the same meaning.

MENGGUNAKAN WHOSE

QUESTION (a) Whose (book) is this? (b) Whose (books) are those? (c) Whose car did you borrow? ANSWER (a) It’s John’s (book) (b) They’re mine ( or my books) (c) I borrowed Keren’s (car)	Whose asks about possession Notice in (a) : the speaker of the question may omit the noun (book) if the meaning is clear to the listener.
COMPARE: (d) Who’s that? (e) Whose is that? ANSWER (d) Mary Smith (e) Mary’s	Who’s and whose have the same pronounciation . Who’s = a contraction of who is Whose = asks about possession

MENGGUNAKAN HOW

(a) How did you get here? I took a taxi ./By taxi

How has many uses. One use of how is to ask about maens (ways) of transportation.

(b) How old are you ? Twenty-one

TAG QUESTIONS

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE

(a) You know Bob Wilson, don’t you?

(b) Mary is from Chicago, isn’t she?

(d) You don’t know Jack Smith , do you?

(e) Mary isn’t from New York , is she?

A tag question is a question that is added onto the end of a sentence . An auxiliaryverb is used in a tag question.

In (a), (b) and (c) : When the main verb is affirmative , the tag question is negative

In (d), and (e) : When the main verb is negative, the tag question is affirmative

Rabu, 18 Januari 2012