MODAL AUXILIARIES

MODAL AUXILIARIES

(Verba Bantu Modal)

5-1 BENTUK-BENTUK MODAL AUXILIARIES

The verbs in the list below are called modal auxiliaries. They are helping verbs that expressa wide range of meanings (ability, permission, possibility, necessity, etc). Most of the modals have more than one meaning.

AUXILIARY + THE SIMPLE FORM  OF A VERB                                         

Can                        (a) I can speak English.

Could                     (b) He couldn’t  come to class.

May                        (c) It may rain tomorrow.

Might                      (d) It might rain  tomorrow.

Should                   (e) Mary should study harder.

Had better             (f) I had better study tonight.

Must                       (g) Joe must see a doctor today

Will                         (h) I will be in class tomorrow.

Would                    (i) Would you please close the door?

                                Can, could, may, might, should, had better, must, will, and would are followed by the simple form of a verb.

They are not followed by to :

                                CORRECT : I can speak English.

                                INCORRECT: I can to speak English .

The main verb never has a final –s

                                CORRECT: Olga can speak English

                                INCORRECT: Olga can speaks English.

                                AUXILIARY + TO + THE SIMPLE FORM OF A VERB

Have to                  (j) I have to study tonight.

Have got to           (k) I have got to study tonight.

Ought to                                (l) Kate ought to study harder.

                                Have, have got to, and ought to are followed by an infinitive(to + the simple form of a verb).

5-2 MENGEKSPRESIKAN KEMAMPUAN : CAN DAN COULD

(a)     Bob can play the piano* (b)      You can buy a screwdriver at a hardware sore.	Can expresses ability in the present or future.
(c)     I can’t  understand that sentence. I cannot understand that sentence. I can not understand that sentence.	The negative form of can may be written : can’t, cannot, or can not.
(d)     Our son could talk when he was two years old.	The past form of can is could.
(e)     They couldn’t come to class yesterday. They could not come to class yesterday.	The negative of could : couldn’t or could not

*Notice                   CORRECT : Bob can play the piano.

                                INCORRECT : Bob can to play the piano.

                                INCORRECT : Bob can plays the piano.

LATIHAN : Lengkapilah kalimat  dengan can dan can’t.

1.       A  cat can climb trees, but it can’t fly.

2.       A fish can’t walk, but it can swim.

3.       A dog can bark, but it can’t sing.

4.       You can buy stamps at the post office, but you can’t buy shoes there.

5.       Fish can’t live in air, but they can live in water.

5-3  MENGEKSPRESIKAN KEMUNGKINAN : MAY DAN MIGHT

       MENGEKSPRESIKAN IZIN : MAY DAN CAN

(a)     It may rain tomorrow. (b)     It might rain tomorrow. (c)     A: Why isn’t John in class?     B: I don’t know. He may be sick today.                              He might be sick today.	May and might express possibilityin the present or future. They have the same meaning. There is no difference in meaning between (a) and (b).
(d)     It may not rain tomorrow. (e)     It might not rain tomorrow.	Negative : may not and might not. (Do not contract may and might with not).
(f)       Maybe it will rain tomorrow. (g)     Maybe john is sick. (h)     John may be sick.	Maybe (spelled as one word) is an adverb meaning “perhaps”. Notice (f) and (g). May be (spelled as two words) is a verb form , as in (h): the auxiliary may + the main verb be.
(i)       Yes, children, you may have a cookie after dinner. (j)       Okay, kids, you can have a cookie after dinner.	May is also used to give permission. Often can is used to give permission , too. (i) and (j) have the same meaning, but may is more formal than can.
(k)     You may not have a cookie. You can’t have a cookie.	May not and cannot (can’t) are used to deny permission(i.e., to say “no”).

5-4 MENGGUNAKAN COULD UNTUK  MENGEKSPRESIKAN KEMUNGKINAN

(a)     A: Why isn’t Greg in class? B: I don’t know. He could  be sick. (b)     Look at those dark clouds. It could start raining any minute.

Could can mean past ability ( see chart 5-2). But that is not its only meaning. Another meaning of could is possibility. In (a) : “ He could be sick “ has the same meaning as “ He may/might be sick “, i.e.,” It is possible that he is sick”. In (a), could expresses  a present possibility. In(b), could expresses a future possibility.

5-5 MEMINTA IZIN : MAY I, COULD I, CAN I

POLITE QUESTION

(a)     May I please borrow you pen?

(b)     Could I please borrow your pen ?

(c)     Can I please borrow your pen?

POSSIBLE ANSWER

Yes.

Yes. Of course.

Yes. Certainly.

Sure (informal)

Okay (informal)

People use may I, could I, * and can I to ask polite questions. The questions ask for someone’s permission.

(a),(b), and (c) have basically the same meaning. Note : can I is less formal than may I and could I.

5-6 MENGEKSPRESIKAN NASIHAT : SHOULD , OUGHT TO  , HAD BETTER

(a)     My clothes are dirty. I should wash them.                                  I ought to wash them.	Should , ought to, and had better have basically the same meaning. They mean :” This is good idea. This is good advice.”
(b)     You need your sleep. You shouldn’t stay up late.	Negative : should + not = shouldn’t. *
(c)     I’d better study tonight. You’d better study tonight. He’d better study tonight. She’d better study tonight. We’d better study tonight. They’d better study tonight.	Contrction of had =’d Note : usually had is the past form of have . however , in the expression had better, had is used as part of an idiom and the meaning is not past. The meaning is present or future.

*Ought to is usually not used in the negative.

The negative of had better is had better not , and it often carries a warning of bad consequences. You had better not be late !

5-7 MENGEKSPRESIKAN KEHARUSAN : HAVE TO , HAVE GOT TO, MUST

(a)     I have a very important test tomorrow. I have to study tonight. I have got to study tonight. I must study tonight.	Have to, hve got to, and must have  basically the same meaning. They express the idea that something is necessary. Have to is used much more frequently than must in everyday speech and writing.* Have got to is generally used only in informal speech and writing.
(b)     I have to (“hafta”) go downtown today. (c)     Rina has to (“hasta”) go to the bank. (d)     I’ve got to (“gotta”) study tonight.	Usual pronounciation: Have to =”hafta” Has to =”hasta” (have) got to =”gotta”
(e)     I had to study last night.	The past form have to, have got to, and must (meaning necessity) is had to.

*Must means that something is very necessary : there is no other choise. Must is used much less frequentlythen have to in everyday speech and writing. Must is a “strong” word.

LATIHAN : lengkapi kalimat . Gunakan have to, has to atau had to

1.       I went downtown yesterday because I had to go to City Hall.

2.       I can’t go to the movie tonight because I have to study.

3.       Josh can’t go downtown with us this afternoon because He has to go to the bookstore.

5-8 MENGEKSPRESIKAN TIDAK ADANYA KEHARUSAN : DO NOT HAVE TO

                MENGEKSPRESIKAN LARANGAN : MUST NOT

(a)     I finished all of my homework this afternoon. I don’t have to study tonight. (b)     Tomorrow is a holiday . Mary doesn’t have to go to class.	Don’t /doesn’t have to expresses the idea that something is not necessary.
(c)     Children , you must not play with matches ! (d)     We must not use that door . The sign says : PRIVATE : DO NOT ENTER	Must not expresses prohibition . (DO NOT DO THIS !)
(e)     You mustn’t play with matches.	Must  + not =musnt’t. (Note : the first “t” is not pronounced.)

5-9 MEMBERIKAN INSTRUKSI  : KALIMAT  IMPERATIF  

COMMAND (a)     General : Open the door ! Soldier : Yes, sir ! REQUEST (b)     Teacher : Open the door, please. Student : Okay I’d be happy to. DIRECTIONS (c)     Barbara : Could you tell me how to get to the post office? Stranger : Certainly. Walk two blocks down this street . Turn left and walk there more blocks . It’s on the right hand side of the street. (d)     Close the window (e)     Please sit down (f)       Be quiet ! (g)     Don’t walk on the grass (h)     Please don’t  wait  for me (i)       Don’t  be late

Imperative sentences are used to give commands, make polite requests , and give directions. The difference between a command  and a request lies in the speaker’s tone of voice and the use of please. Please can come at the beginning or end of a request: Open the door,please. Please poen the door. The simple form of a verb is used in imperative sentences. The understood subject of the sentence is you (meaning the person the speaker is talking to ) : (you) close the window. Negative form : Don’t + the simple form of a verb.

5-10 MEMBERIKAN SARAN : LET’S  DAN WHY DON’T

(a)     A: It’s hot today . Let’s go to the beach . B: Okay. Good idea. (b)     A :It’s hot today . Why don’t we go to the beach? B: Okay . Good idea	Let’s (do something) and why don’t we (do something) have the same meaning. They are used to make suggestions about activites for you and me. Let’s = let us
(c)     A: I’m tired B: Why don’t you take a nap? A: That’s a good idea. I think I will	People use why don’t you (do something) to make a to friendly suggestion , to give friendly advice

5-11 MENYATAKAN PREFERENSI : PREFER, LIKE…..

                BETTER , WOULD RATHER

(a)     I prefer apples to oranges (b)     I prefer watching TV to studying	Prefer + NOUN + to + NOUN Prefer + -ING VERB + to + -ING VERB
(c)     I like apples better than oranges (d)     I like watching TV better than studying	Like + NOUN + better than + NOUN Like + - ING VERB + better than + -ING VERB
(e)     Ann would rather have an apple than (have) an orange (f)       I’d rather visit a big city than live there	In (e) and (f) : would rather and than are followed  immediately  by the simple form of a verb (e.g have, visit ,live) *
(g)     I’d / You’d / She’d / He’d / We’d / They’d rather have an apple	Contraction of  would = ‘d
(h)     Would you rather have an apple or an orange?	In (h) : In a polite question , would rather can be followed by or to offer someone a choice.

  INCORRECT:    I’d rather visit a big city than to live there

  INCORRECT:    I’d rather visit a big city than living there.

BANGKA BELITUNG

Kekayaan laut Bangka Belitung bernilai Rp 247 triliun dengan luas perairannya lebih dari 65 ribu kilometer. Desa nelayan Tanjung Binga ( Belitung) ini dan desa nelayan lainnya di Bangka Belitung belum mengalami modernisasi. Nelayan masih berkutat pada peralatan dan pengolahan hasil tangkapan laut yang sederhana.

Timah di Bangka Belitung telah dieksploitasi lebih dari 295 tahun. Galian bekas tambang timah berupa kolong – yang digenangi air – bagai danau alami yang terhampar luas di desa Perlang dengan latar belakang bukit Puding , Lubuk , Bangka Tengah. Terdapat 887 kolong sejenis di Bangka Belitung , dapat di tingkatkan fungsinya sebagai obyek pariwisata dan pengembangan industry budidaya ikan dan udang.

Berbatu granit dengan mosaic indah dan air laut jernih dengan terumbu karangdan pulau-pulau kecil yang indah, serta pantai yang landai menjadi ciri khas pantai-pantai di Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung yang terdapat di 7 (tujuh) wilayah : Bangka, Bangka Barat, Bangka Tengah , Bangka Selatan , Belitung,  Belitung Timur, dan Pangkalpinang.

Bandar Udara Depati Amir, Bangka memiliki landasan 2.500 m2. Landasanya yang terpakai baru mencapai 2.000 m2 , total 2.500m2 pemakaian landasan masih dalam persiapan. Jenis-jenis pesawat Boing , Air Bus , dan Fokker yang melayani arus lalu lintas penumpang dari Jakarta , Batam, dan Palembang menuju Bangka , terdiri Sriwijaya Airline B. 732 / B. 733; Batavia Airline B.732 / B.733: Lion Airline B. 733 / B. 734; Mandala Airline A.319; dan Riau Airline F. 50

Arus kedatangan penumpang dari ketiga kota tersebut menuju Bandara Depati Amir, Bangka mencapai 252.214 orang sampai semester 1 tahun 2008. Sebaliknya keberangkatan penumpang dari Bandara Depati Amir menuju Jakarta , Batam dan Palembang mencapai 255.558 penumpang.

Bandar Udara H.AS. Hanandjoeddin Tanjungpandan , Belitung memiliki landasan 2000 m2 . Sriwijaya Airline B. 737 dan Linus Airline BAE 146  adalah maskapai penerbangan yang melayani arus lintas udara dari Jakarta menuju Bandar Udara H. AS. Hanandjoeddin , Tanjungpandan , Belitung. Arus kedatangan penumpang dari Jakarta menuju Tanjungpandan mencapai 75.833 orang dan keberangkatan mencapai 79. 976 orang.

Pelabuhan Pangkal Balam, pelabuhan ini “ tumpang tindih “antara pelabuhan penumpang dan peti kemas. Kapal Express Bahari 98 dan kapal nelayan ini merapat di derrmaga yang berdesakan .Kapal Express Bahari 98 adalah kapal cepat penumpang yang rutin melayani Pangkalbam (pangkalpinang)-Tanjung-pandan ( Belitung) maupun sebaliknya, dengan frekuensi pelayaran 6 (enam) kali seminggu, kecuali setiap hari selasa.Masa tempuh 4-5 jam setiap pelayaran.Kapal penumpang dari pelabuhan Tanjung Priok (Jakarta) menuju pangkalbalam maupun sebaliknya dilayani oleh kapal Levina, Samudra Jaya (diteruskan ke batam), dan Tristar.

Kapal penumpang Tristar 2 dari pelabuhan Tanjung Priok (Jakarta) – pelabuhan Pangkalbalam atau sebaliknya dengan jadwal dua kali dalam seminggu. Kapal ini melayani pula pelabuhan Tanjung Priok (Jakarta) – pelabuhan Tanjungpandan atau sebaliknya dengan jadwal sekali seminggu. Selain itu kapal  penumpang Tristar juga melayani dari pelabuhan Pangkalbalam –Batam dan Tanjungpinang (Riau) atau sebaliknya.

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FUNCTIONS OF MOTIVATION

            Psychologists have analsyed the motivated behaviour of an organism and observed the following characteristic attributes of such type of behaviour.

(1)    Motives energize and sustain behaviour . Motives energize the behaviour of the organism and arouse him for action. The energy can be physiological as in drives or reintegrative resonator activity aroused by similarity between present action and residues of past ones that were emotionally significant for the person. The energy is supplied in proportion to the amount of energy output for a task. Motives not only energize the behaviour buy the sustain our interest and behaviour for longer period in the activity.

(2)    Motives direct and regulate our behaviour. Motivated state is often described as guided, directed and goal-oriented. The motivated behaviour moves in a specific direction. The behaviour of the organism is purposeful and persistent. The direction of motivational behaviour is, no doubt, very complex because of the structure of the present situation and the action sequences which determine the behaviour.


(3)    Behaviour is selective. Under motivated condition, the behaviour of the organism does not move in haphazard way. It is directed toward a selective goal which the individual sets for himself. For example, the student who is motivated to secure high grades in the examination, concentrates on his studies by selecting appropriate means to reach his goal. The motive is terminated by the achievement of the goal.